Overactive bladder (OAB) is a urologic condition that causes increased frequency and urgency of urination. The urgent desire to urinate may also lead to urinary incontinence.
Aside from OAB, many other urologic and non urologic conditions can cause urinary frequency and urgency.
Possible causes of urinary frequency and urgency include:
Symptoms of an overactive bladder may include:
Determining the cause of urinary frequency and urgency usually involves obtaining a clinical history, performing a physical examination and undergoing certain tests.
Some of these tests may include:
Treatment of OAB will depend on the findings from the evaluation. Urologic and non urologic conditions that may also cause OAB type symptoms should be excluded first before treatment for OAB begins.
In general, behavioral therapy such as bladder training, biofeedback and pelvic floor muscle therapy is usually recommended first. Medication therapy may be necessary if and when conservative behavioral therapy alone proves ineffective.
Interventional therapy such as injection of Botox into the bladder or neuromodulation, wherein specific nerves are stimulated to suppress bladder overactivity, may be recommended for more severe cases not responsive to other less invasive treatment options.
Anticholinergic (also known as antimuscarinic) and beta 3 agonist medications are two common groups of drugs used to treat OAB symptoms. Oxybutynin and Tolterodine are two examples of common anticholinergic medications.
Side effects of anticholinergic medications may include but are not limited to dry eyes, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, hallucinations, glaucoma, confusion.
Bladder retraining and pelvic floor therapy are great ways to start managing OAB symptoms. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding or minimizing caffeine and alcohol intake may also help reduce symptoms.
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